There is a period of dry-fly activity on most trout streams every fall that rivals the best hatches of spring. It’s a “fall” (as opposed to a hatch) of migrating winged ants, and when these insects are on the water nearly every trout in the river will feed on the surface with abandon. As autumn approaches, ants hatched in their underground colonies sprout wings. All at once, over a period of a few days, these insects fly off to mate and cross-pollinate with ants from other colonies. For some unknown reason, the dying ants are attracted to water and other shiny surfaces, much like mayfly spinners. There is no predicting this opportunity, but experienced fly fishers can feel it in the air, usually on warm, still, moist, soft September afternoons. I often leave my office for the day, smell the air, and know that when I reach my car the hood will be covered with two or three different types of flying ants. Dinner and any other social obligations will have to wait a few days.

I know it’s hard to compete with the pleasures of raking leaves or installing storm windows, but you really should put aside a day or two for fall trout fishing. To most fly fishers, trout fishing in the fall is much like reading last week’s Sunday Times on Saturday—some interesting stuff, but it’s mostly over. Streams are vacant, except for roving bands of mergansers, and in places where you feel like you had to take a ticket in June you’ll have the water to yourself, with no looking over your shoulder for intruders every few minutes.

But you’ll have to pay a small price for that solitude. Trout won’t come as easily as they do in June. Although weather conditions parallel spring temperatures, most insects have hatched for the season. And biologists studying trout physiology and behavior observe that trout do not feed as heavily or as often in the fall as they do in the spring and summer. As long as summer-like temperatures hold, trout will feed best from dawn till mid-morning, and in the evening. Once the air temperature stays below 50º F during the day, the best time for fall trout fishing will be from noon till late afternoon.

Fall Trout Fly Fishing Trips: What & When to Fish

On warm, stable days with light or calm winds, you might see mayfly hatches. Fall mayflies come in several varieties: small olive mayflies, tiny olive mayflies, and ridiculously tiny olive mayflies. That’s an exaggeration, but small olives are by far the most abundant mayflies from September through November. What flies should you use when fishing for fall trout? You should not even get within earshot of a trout stream without plenty of olive emergers and dries in sizes 18 through 24. And don’t try to cheat—I know you’ll try to get away with not buying or tying those size 24s, figuring a 22 will be good enough. Don’t count on it. Ask anyone who fishes the Delaware or Housatonic or Missouri in October.

Until the first hard frost, and sometimes even after, grasshoppers and beetles are very important trout foods. In the fall, a beetle is a far better fly for prospecting when no trout are rising than the typical Wulff or Adams or Humpy. Just make sure the beetle is one with a red spot on it, as plain black beetles are nearly impossible to follow on the water. Lacking a beetle, small Elk Hair Caddis or Stimulators can be effective searching patterns, as they look like hoppers or other large terrestrial insects.

Fall rivers, especially this year, can be painfully low, slow, and transparent. Trout have been pounded all year and they won’t tolerate a fly line (or even a leader butt) falling on their heads. You won’t have much luck with a 9-foot leader—you're much better off with a 12-footer or even a 15-footer for slower pools.

Fishing with Motion

On windy fall days you’ll find the water covered with leaves, twigs, and nuts falling from trees. When this happens, it’s tough for a trout to discern food from debris, but if you twitch a hopper or beetle just once during its drift you might get a trout to pick out your fly. When fall weather turns cold and rainy as well as windy, hang up the dry flies and throw streamers into deep water, especially at the tails of pools. Brown and brook trout migrating prior to spawning in late November often stack up at the back end of pools, and although they don’t eat often once they get spawning on their minds, they get pretty confrontational and will take a swat at anything in their way. It helps to have a sink-tip line handy, to get your fly swung across a trout’s nose in the deeper pools.

Don’t leave your other trout flies at home. You never know when you might see a fall caddis hatch or some big mayflies like the dark size 12 Isonychias. You might wonder if nymphs are effective. Nymphs are always effective, but I don’t find them as useful in the fall unless some aquatic insects are hatching. There just isn’t as much stuff on the bottom as there was in May or June. However, imitations of the small olive mayflies, midge pupae, Isonychia mayflies, plus a large caddis pupa to imitate to big orange caddis that hatches in October, should cover your nymphing requirements

It’s always difficult to choose the right fly rod for fall fishing, because on one hand you’ll be fishing small dries, but on the other hand you might decide to throw a streamer or a hopper pattern. The new Helios 3D 5-Weight 9-foot fly rod is great with delicate dry-fly fishing yet has enough guts to throw streamers (just cut back your leader).

Tom’s Top 10: Best Flies For Fall Trout Fishing

• Cannon’s Olive Bunny Dun. In my opinion the best fall fly for small olive mayflies, yet it’s very buoyant and easy to see on the water. Get some 24s. Don’t say I didn’t warn you.
• Baetis Sparkle Dun. A good option if the bigger, darker, size 20 Baetis mayflies are on the water.
• RS 2. A great option for emergers if the trout refuse a Bunny Dun. Don’t be afraid to let this fly sink just under the surface.
• Schroeder’s Hi-Vis Hopper. A great hopper pattern, and you can see it in any water, in any light conditions.
• Quick Sight Beetle. Beetles are impossible to spot on the water, but this one has a permanent fluorescent red spot on its back, so you can see subtle rises and when your fly is dragging. And it catches fall trout like a magnet.
• Travis Para Ant. Same visibility story goes here. The parachute hackle gives the impression of both legs and wings. Make sure you at least have black in size 16 and cinnamon in size 18.
• Moto’s Minnow. I’ve seen this fly hammer trout East and West in the fall. One October day on the Colorado brown trout went for it like Pavarotti after pasta.
• Pearl Zonker. A slimmer profile if you need a different streamer pattern than the Moto’s. Try any color but most consider pearl the best.
• Zug Bug. Great imitation for the big slate drakes of the genus Isonychia that hatch during the fall. One of the only large fall mayflies. These nymphs swim to shore or rocks and emerge on land, the nymph works better than a dry. Fish it with some movement.
• Zebra Midge. A midge larva or pupa imitation that also seems to work well when small mayflies are active. It’s the go-to fly in cold water for trout anglers around the world.
• LaFontaine Sparkle Pupa. The best caddis pupa imitation yet designed, by the late Gary LaFontaine. Use the size 12 Brown/Yellow flavor for the big October Caddis.